De Gouges' Sterbeort … Updated May 15, 2019. Olympe de Gouges is considered as one of the first feminists. Bild »Christine de Pizan« [M]: PD — Zeichenerklärung: [M] bearbeitet — Lizenztexte: CC BY-SA 3.0 — Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. [41] Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. [17] On 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: "I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. Olympe de Gouges, also called Marie-Olympe de Gouges, original name Marie Gouze, married name Marie Aubry, (born May 7, 1748, Montauban, France—died November 3, 1793, Paris), French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers Jacques Necker and Charles Alexandre de Calonne. It seems as though the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to represent herself in her writings. Born Marie Gouze in Montauban, France in 1748 to petite-bourgeois parents Anne Olympe Moisset Gouze, a maidservant, and her second husband, Pierre Gouze, a butcher, Marie grew up speaking Occitan (the dialect of the region). "[21], Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (la vertu mâle et répub-licaine). Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Schreiben im Sinne der Aufklärung Olympe de Gouges nahm sie als Künstlernamen an. "[49], French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Olympe de Gouges, Significant civil and political events by year, The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller, France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned, Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal, Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman, 1989 p. 235, Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 311, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, Women's Petition to the National Assembly, "I Foresaw it All: The Amazing Life and Oeuvre of Olympe de Gouges", Olympe de Gouges, a Daughter of Quercy on her Way to the Panthéon, "Olympe de Gouges's trial and the affective politics of denaturalization in France", A website containing English translations of de Gouges' works, An extensive article about Olympe de Gouges, An excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympe_de_Gouges&oldid=989347872, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 13:44. A record of her papers which were seized in 1793, at the time of her execution, lists about 40 plays. On 2 June 1793, the Jacobins of the Montagnard faction arrested prominent Girondins, imprisoned them, and sent them to the guillotine in October. Then she took the side of the Girondins and … In this position she wrote her best-known work, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. The first act ends with Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. In Paris Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue with the play. On 6 March 2004, the junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and de Franche-Comté in Paris was proclaimed the Place Olympe de Gouges. [9] When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. "[11] Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked Gouges. Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens. [44], Gouges was not the only feminists who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. In the same year Gouges penned Letter to Citizen Robespierre, which Robespierre refused to answer. Her body was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. A la temprana edad de 17 años fue forzada a contraer matrimonio con Louis-Yves Aubry, el 24 de octubre de 1765. Olympe de Gouges (eigentlich Marie Gouze; * 7. Gouges said in a semi-autobiographical novel (Mémoire de Madame de Valmont contre la famille de Flaucourt), "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. Olympe de Gouges verfasste in der Zeit von ca. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in open letters criticized their violence and summary assassinations. In 1791 Gouges became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, also called the "Social Club," an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. 2007 French presidential contender Ségolène Royal expressed the wish that Gouges' remains be moved to the Panthéon. [16] Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire ("Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, Une patriote persécutée ("A [female] patriot persecuted"), in which she condemned the Terror. Leta 1791 je izdala eno njenih najodmevnejših del Deklaracijo o pravicah ženske in državljanke, v kateri je opozarjala na spolno neenakost v francoski družbi. 14. In her political writings Gouges had not called for women to abandon their homes, but she was cast by the politicians as an enemy of the natural order, and thus enemy of the ruling Jacobin party. [5] She came to the public's attention with the play l'Esclavage des Noirs, which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in 1785. She was declared the daughter of Pierre Gouze, bourgeois of Montauban, master butcher - he did not sign at the baptism because he was absent - and of Anne Olympe Mouisset, daughter of a lawyer from a family of merchants, married in 1737 The latter, born in 1712, was the goddaughter of the Marquis Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (Anne's father had been Jean-Jacques' tutor), born in 1709, with whom she would have maintained a romantic relationship. She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. Such as Cry of the wise man, by a woman in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates-General. [15], After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment. [2], In Paris she started a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, but refused his marriage proposal. Mit dieser Erklärung hinterließ Olympe de Gouges ein Dokument, das den Versuch einer geistigen Revolution innerhalb des revolutionären Prozesses bezeugt. The slave trade lobby had mounted a press campaign against her play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie-Française to stage l'Esclavage des Noirs. [23] Lacombe, Léon and Theroigne de Mericourt had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets. She usually was invited to the salons of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights. Juli 1793 wurde auf der Brücke Saint-Michel in Paris Olympe de Gouges verhaf­tet, als sie zusam­men mit dem Buchhänd­ler-Verle­ger Costard und dem Plaka­tie­rer Trottier ein Plakat anbrin­gen wollte mit dem Titel: „Les trois urnes ou le salut de la patrie, par un voyager aérien“. Gouges had acquired the position for him by paying 1,500 livres. Gouges also openly attacked the notion that human rights were a reality in revolutionary France. Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. The new Républicaine was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. The presiding judge denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. The facts about her true parentage are somewhat vague, and de Gouges herself contributed to the confusion by encouraging rumors about her illegitimacy. Transaction Publ, 2006. Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. That piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. [8] Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published l'Esclavage des Noirs with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with "barbaric and atrocious torture" in turn justified the behavior of the tyrants. [31] At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the Declaration of Independence into the Declaration of Sentiments,[33] which demanded women's right to vote. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearing Phrygian bonnets, reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as Jacques Necker, the Duke of Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. Her stance against the slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. [45], In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, an author was the subject of the king. [34], After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter, denying his endorsement for her political legacy. [12] In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent". In other writings she attacked slavery and the death penalty, and argued in favour of divorce. It is commonly believed that she was born and raised in a modest family, the daughter of Pierre Gouze, a butcher, and Anne Olympe Moisset, a maidservant. She never married again, calling the institution of marriage "the tomb of trust and love". Her 1788 pamphlet Reflections on blacks and the play l'Esclavage des Noirs on the slave trade made her, alongside Marquis de Condorcet, one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. She was an advocate for abolishing slaves in the colonies, but is best known for her work as an early feminist writer. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès were not convinced of the case for equality. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her Letter to Louis XVI in 1792. Sie muss sich ständig gegen Verleumdungen wehren und erlebt, wie ihre Stücke und Beiträge abgelehnt werden – und andere sich ihre Ideen zu eigen machen. [13], Gouges was associated with the Gironde faction, who were targeted by the more radical Montagnard faction. Olympe de Gouges défenseur officieux de Louis Capet - (December 1792) this letter written to the Convention on 16 December 1792 offering to defend Louis XVI was also produced as a placard liberally posted around Paris; it was disregarded and derided. In her open letter to Marie-Antoinette, Gouges declared: "I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Zitiert nach: Olympe de Gouges, Schriften, Frankfurt 1980, S. 41ff, übersetzt von Monika Dillier. Gouges, Olympe de: Die Rechte der Frau und andere Schriften./ Les droits de la femme. Gouges opposes absolutism, but believed France should retain a constitutional monarchy.[47]. Ve své Deklaraci práv ženy a občanky kritizovala nadvládu mužů a nerovnost pohlaví. In 1791, in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she wrote the Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne ("Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen"). Olympe de Gouges, psewdonimu ta' Marie Gouze, (Montauban, 7 ta' Mejju 1748 – Pariġi, 3 ta' Novembru 1793), kienet drammaturga Franċiża li għexet matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża.Il-kitba femminista u abolizzjonista tagħha kellha influwenza kbira.